Chapter 12: Respiratory care, CPR and blood transfusion
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Complications: delayed transfusion reactions
Reactions may occur days, months or even years after transfusion. Delayed reactions can be haemolytic or serological with no signs of hemolysis (Delaney et al. [59]). Usually the reaction is seen in a patient who has already made an alloantibody and the antibody has fallen to an undetectable level so that it is not detected on a pre‐transfusion antibody screen (Norfolk [202]). Re‐exposure to the antigen in a subsequent transfusion causes the antibody level to rise again, usually within 24 hours but sometimes up to 28 days after the transfusion (Delaney et al. [59]). The most frequent signs and symptoms in delayed reactions include dark urine, jaundice, fever, back pain, dyspnoea, chills and hypertension (Delaney et al. [59]). When a delayed reaction is suspected, further laboratory testing is required; however, the treatment is usually supportive and may require further transfusions to maintain the desired level of haemoglobin (Delaney et al. [59], Norfolk [202]).
Hyperkalaemia
Hyperkalaemia is a rare complication associated with haemorrhage and the subsequent infusion of large quantities of blood. Mortality is also associated with an increase rate of transfusion and stored blood, as potassium is known to leak out of red cells during storage, thereby increasing circulatory levels in recipients receiving blood products (Raza et al. [226]). The process is exacerbated if packed red cells are gamma irradiated as this changes the cell membrane's permeability and causes more potassium leakage into the extracellular space (Raza et al. [226]). A patient with hyperkalaemia requires urgent medical review.
Iron overload
Patients who are dependent on frequent transfusion, such as those with thalassaemic, sickle cell and other transfusion‐dependent disorders, can become overloaded with iron (Norfolk [202]). A unit of red blood cells contains 250 mg iron, which the body is unable to excrete, and as a result patients receiving large volumes of blood are at risk of iron overload (Norfolk [202]). This can result in poor growth, pigment changes, hepatic cirrhosis, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes, arrhythmia, cardiac failure and death. Chelation therapy through the use of desferrioxamine, which induces iron excretion, minimizes the accumulation of iron (BNF [24]).
Websites
British Society for Haematology: Guidelines
Joint UK Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee
NHS Blood and Transplant: Hospitals and Science
Serious Hazards of Transfusion
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