Flexible cystoscopy is a camera examination used to visualize the lower urinary tract including the urethra (including prostatic urethra), sphincter, bladder and ureteric orifices. Cystoscopy can assist in identifying problems with the urinary tract, such as early signs of bladder cancer, surveillance of bladder cancer, infection, strictures, obstruction, bleeding and other abnormalities. It is also an effective method for removing ureteric stents when they are no longer therapeutically indicated and in some cases treating some bladder abnormalities. The procedure is performed under local anaesthetic with the patient awake and takes place in a dedicated outpatient facility (Kumar and Clark [86], Tortora and Derrickson [162]).