Pulmonary toxicity

Pulmonary toxicity caused by chemotherapy can range from reversible short‐term effects to permanent fibrosis and irreversible damage (Barber and Gant [7]). The initial damage occurs in the endothelial cells, producing an inflammatory type reaction which results in drug‐induced pneumonitis (Wilkes [268]). Chronic disorders occur months to years following exposure to chemotherapy and are usually irreversible (Wilkes [268]). Clinical presentation of pulmonary toxicity ranges from mild to progressive, unproductive cough, bilateral basal rales, tachypnoea and low‐grade fever (Wilkes [268]). Chemotherapy drugs such as bleomycin are well known to cause pulmonary toxicity. It is therefore important to monitor and detect pulmonary toxicity as soon as possible to enable interventions such as adjusting the dose of chemotherapy to prevent further damage (Wilkes [268]).